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Antes de ontemJournal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology

Semiotic scale for library software interfaces: Development and validation

Por Manoj Kumar Verma, Vinit Kumar, Mayank Yuvaraj

Abstract

This study presents a significant advancement in the realm of information science by exploring and validating a semiotic scale tailored for library software interfaces. Employing a design-based approach, the investigation identifies 14 crucial semiotic elements specific to library software interfaces, forming the cornerstone of its theoretical framework. The process of developing the semiotic scale involves creating user personas, conducting a comprehensive semiotic analysis, and engaging in productive collaboration with experts. Through meticulous evaluation and refinement, achieved by expert assessments and user testing, the scale offers actionable insights for guiding interface enhancement. The study's findings encompass a breadth of revelations, including user needs, user personas, outcomes of semiotic analysis, criteria development, and evaluation results across a diverse range of library software interfaces. Serving as a valuable tool for interface designers, the semiotic scale facilitates the alignment of design choices with user preferences and requirements. Its inherent adaptability ensures applicability across a spectrum of library software interfaces. The study's paramount contribution lies in bridging the gap between theoretical semiotics and practical design considerations. The comprehensive model offered by the development and validation of the semiotic scale empowers the evaluation of semiotic elements' impact on user perceptions and interface usability.

Centering dialog and care in digital Indigenous knowledge stewardship: Of relationality, responsibility, and respect

Por Chern Li Liew, Ailsa Lipscombe

Abstract

The question of how to appropriately care for and share Indigenous knowledges is central to cultural heritage documentation and, contemporary archival praxes and discourses. Transforming the standards of Indigenous knowledge management (IKM) necessitates confronting the legacies of colonial control and Indigenous expurgation that settler colonial galleries, libraries, archives, and museums (GLAM) have contributed to (intentionally or not). Writing of and within the Māori context in New Zealand, we argue that a renewed orientation toward dialogic collaboration between institutions and Indigenous communities is crucial for revitalizing archival practices and partnerships in ways that center Indigenous values. Moreover, we purport that aligning institutional practices with Indigenous values is insufficient if Indigenous communities are neither made to feel welcome within archival spaces nor empowered to utilize them. As such, we identify the notions of relationality, responsibility, and respect as vital in supporting this ethical transformation of Indigenous knowledge stewardship both in New Zealand and in other Indigenous contexts. We propose that current efforts to reshape IKM praxes in culturally responsible and responsive ways can be meaningfully expanded through dialogic engagement, and an ethics of care.

Will sentiment analysis need subculture? A new data augmentation approach

Por Zhenhua Wang, Simin He, Guang Xu, Ming Ren

Abstract

Nowadays, the omnipresence of the Internet has fostered a subculture that congregates around the contemporary milieu. The subculture artfully articulates the intricacies of human feelings by ardently pursuing the allure of novelty, a fact that cannot be disregarded in the sentiment analysis. This paper aims to enrich data through the lens of subculture, to address the insufficient training data faced by sentiment analysis. To this end, a new approach of subculture-based data augmentation (SCDA) is proposed, which engenders enhanced texts for each training text by leveraging the creation of specific subcultural expression generators. The extensive experiments attest to the effectiveness and potential of SCDA. The results also shed light on the phenomenon that disparate subcultural expressions elicit varying degrees of sentiment stimulation. Moreover, an intriguing conjecture arises, suggesting the linear reversibility of certain subcultural expressions.

Information shaping

Por Ian Ruthven

Abstract

In this article, I explore the relationships between how humans have evolved to interact with the material world and how we interact with our information worlds. I argue that shaping processes, exemplified by how early humans created stone tools, are core ways to interact with the world that are appropriated to interact with information to create information solutions. To test these claims, I examine existing studies of information use from a shaping perspective. I finish by discussing how this evolutionary perspective to information use can benefit discussions of information behavior.

Information sculpting

Por Ian Ruthven

Abstract

In this paper, I propose sculpting as an analogy for information use. I provide a background to the use of metaphors and analogies in Information Science, propose five analogical mappings between sculpting and information use, and then discuss the benefits to this analogy for thinking about how we use information.

What's in your PIE? Understanding the contents of personalized information environments with PIEGraph

Por Deen Freelon, Meredith L. Pruden, Daniel Malmer, Qunfang Wu, Yiping Xia, Daniel Johnson, Emily Chen, Andrew Crist

Abstract

Social media have long been studied from platform-centric perspectives, which entail sampling messages based on criteria such as keywords and specific accounts. In contrast, user-centric approaches attempt to reconstruct the personalized information environments users create for themselves. Most user-centric studies analyze what users have accessed directly through browsers (e.g., through clicks) rather than what they may have seen in their social media feeds. This study introduces a data collection system of our own design called PIEGraph that links survey data with posts collected from participants' personalized X (formerly known as Twitter) timelines. Thus, in contrast with previous research, our data include much more than what users decide to click on. We measure the total amount of data in our participants' respective feeds and conduct descriptive and inferential analyses of three other quantities of interest: political content, ideological skew, and fact quality ratings. Our results are relevant to ongoing debates about digital echo chambers, misinformation, and conspiracy theories; and our general methodological approach could be applied to social media beyond X/Twitter contingent on data availability.

Phenomenon‐based classification: An Annual Review of Information Science and Technology (ARIST) paper

Por Claudio Gnoli, Richard P. Smiraglia, Rick Szostak

Abstract

While bibliographic classifications are traditionally based on disciplines, the logical alternative is phenomenon-based classification. Although not prevalent, this approach has been explored in the 20th century by J.D. Brown, the Classification Research Group, and others. Its principles have been stated in the León Manifesto (2007) and are currently represented by such general schemes as the Basic Concepts Classification and the Integrative Levels Classification. A phenomenon-based classification lists classes of phenomena, including things and processes irrespective of the discipline studying them (which can optionally be specified as an additional facet). Facets can work in a phenomenon-based system much as in a disciplinary one. This kind of system will promote the identification of potential relationships between research in different disciplines, and will especially benefit interdisciplinary work. The paper reviews the theory, history, structure, advantages, applications, and evaluation of phenomenon-based classification systems.

Socio‐technical issues in the platform‐mediated gig economy: A systematic literature review

Por Meredith Dedema, Howard Rosenbaum

Abstract

The gig economy and gig work have grown quickly in recent years and have drawn much attention from researchers in different fields. Because the platform mediated gig economy is a relatively new phenomenon, studies have produced a range of interesting findings; of interest here are the socio-technical issues that this work has surfaced. This systematic literature review (SLR) provides a snapshot of a range of socio-technical issues raised in the last 12 years of literature focused on the platform mediated gig economy. Based on a sample of 515 papers gathered from nine databases in multiple disciplines, 132 were coded that specifically studied the gig economy, gig work, and gig workers. Three main socio-technical themes were identified: (1) the digital workplace, which includes information infrastructure and digital labor that are related to the nature of gig work and the user agency; (2) algorithmic management, which includes platform governance, performance management, information asymmetry, power asymmetry, and system manipulation, relying on a diverse set of technological tools including algorithms and big data analytics; (3) ethical design, as a relevant value set that gig workers expect from the platform, which includes trust, fairness, equality, privacy, and transparency. A social informatics perspective is used to rethink the relationship between gig workers and platforms, extract the socio-technical issues noted in prior research, and discuss the underexplored aspects of the platform mediated gig economy. The results draw attention to understudied yet critically important socio-technical issues in the gig economy that suggest short- and long-term opportunities for future research directions.

Alt‐health influencers and the threat of social media deplatforming

Por Melissa Zimdars

Abstract

The threat of deplatforming as a content moderation strategy works to reduce harmful anti-vaccine content and health mis/disinformation on particular social media platforms. However, through an analysis of alt-health influencers, I show how the perpetual threat of being deplatformed allows them to strategically grow their audiences while funneling users to fringe platforms where the alt-health influencers share anti-vaccine and extremist content. Alt-health influencers are thus able to “launder” their reputations and their content through mainstream social media platforms, acting in accordance with each platform's specific content moderation policies, while persuasively deploying “deep stories” and developing parasocial relationships across mainstream and fringe platforms, building an alt-health influence network across platforms, and using threats of “censorship” on one platform to sell and legitimize their statuses as truth-tellers and informational authorities on another. The threat of deplatforming aids in the spreading of health mis/disinformation across social media platforms, demonstrating the necessity of addressing well-known alt-health influencers who are detrimental to the health of the overall information ecosystem through decisive, consistent, and multi-platform-coordinated deplatforming.

“He looks very real”: Media, knowledge, and search‐based strategies for deepfake identification

Por Dion Hoe‐Lian Goh

Abstract

Deepfakes are a potential source of disinformation and the ability to detect them is imperative. While research focused on algorithmic detection methods, there is little work conducted on how people identify deepfakes. This research attempts to fill this gap. Using semi-structured interviews, participants were asked to identify real and deepfake videos and explain how their decisions were made. Three categories of deepfake identification strategies emerged: the use of surface video and audio cues, processing of the messages conveyed in the video, and the searching of external sources. Participants often used multiple strategies within each category. However, identification challenges occurred due to participants' preconceived notions of deepfake characteristics and the message embodied in the video. This work contributes to research by shifting the focus from the algorithmic detection of deepfakes to human-oriented strategies. Practically, the findings provide guidance on how people can identify deepfakes, which can also form the basis for the development of educational materials.

Cover Image

Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, Volume 75, Issue 2, Page C1-C1, February 2024.

Issue Information

Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, Volume 75, Issue 2, Page 95-95, February 2024.

Artificial intelligence in the information ecosystem: Affordances for everyday information seeking

Por Noora Hirvonen, Ville Jylhä, Yucong Lao, Stefan Larsson

Abstract

In this conceptual article, we argue that artificial intelligence (AI) systems are contributing to the generation of an environment of affordances for everyday information practices through which they exert influence on people and the planet in ways that often are left unrecognized. We illustrate our insights by focusing on the practices of information seeking in everyday life, suggesting that the affordances of AI systems integrated into search engines, social media platforms, streaming services, and media generation, shape such practices in ways that may, paradoxically, result both in the increase and reduction of diversity of and access to information. We discuss the potential implications of these developments in terms of the sustainability of information ecosystems and suggest solutions for addressing them through regulation and education. Drawing from the fields of library and information science and science and technology studies and research on affordances, everyday information practices, and sustainability, the article seeks to respond to the need for more nuanced theoretical insights on the impact and implications of AI on information practices and to develop conceptual tools with which to examine the co-evolution of humans and information systems from a systemic perspective.

Information science and the inevitable: A literature review at the intersection of death and information management

Por Jesse David Dinneen, Maja Krtalić, Nilou Davoudi, Helene Hellmich, Catharina Ochsner, Paulina Bressel

Abstract

Death is an inevitable part of life and highly relevant to information management: its approach often requires preparation, and its occurrence often demands a response. Many works in information science have acknowledged so much, and yet death is rarely a focused topic, appearing instead sporadically and disconnected across research. As a result there is no introduction to, overview of, or synthesis across studies on death and information. We therefore conducted an extensive literature search and reviewed nearly 300 scholarly publications at the intersection of death and information (and data) management. Covering seven topics in total, we review two groups of work directly engaging information management in relation to death (digital possessions, inheritance, and legacy; information behavior, needs, and practices around death), three engaging death and technology that require information and its management (death and the Internet, thanatosensitive design and technology-augmented death practices, and the digital afterlife and digital immortality), and two reflecting the ethical and legal dimensions unique to death and information. We then integrate the collective findings to summarize the landscape of death-related information research, outline remaining challenges for individuals, families, institutions, and society, and identify promising directions for future information science research.

Types of domain and task‐solving information in media scholars' data interaction

Por Laura Korkeamäki, Heikki Keskustalo, Sanna Kumpulainen

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to examine what types of domain and task-solving information media scholars need while interacting with research data to create new knowledge. The study is situated within information interaction research in information science. The approach is user-oriented and qualitative. The research data consist of interviews of 25 media scholars about their interactions with research data. In the analysis, deductive and inductive approaches were combined to identify domain and task-solving information types from the interview data. The results show that media scholars needed two domain information types and three task-solving information types while interacting with research data. The domain information types were (1) earlier research information and (2) experience-based domain information. The task-solving information types were (1) information about methods and tools, (2) information about rules and norms, and (3) self-created task-supporting information. Of these, experience-based domain information and self-created task-supporting information have been less considered in prior research on domain and task-solving information. The findings of this study are useful for providing support for data interaction. Furthermore, the study sheds light on the concepts of domain information and task-solving information in the context of interacting with research data.

Value co‐creation in cultural heritage information practices: Literature review and future agenda

Por Yuxiang Chris Zhao, Jingwen Lian, Yan Zhang, Shijie Song, Xinlin Yao

Abstract

Value co-creation as a research topic has been a critical proposition of interest to a wide range of disciplines. In recent years, the field of cultural heritage has also developed a range of information practices to promote different forms of value co-creation. While the body of literature has begun to accumulate, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of conceptual foundations and how value co-creation is implemented in cultural heritage information practices. This paper conducted a hermeneutic literature review to understand and conceptualize the core aspects of value co-creation in various cultural heritage information works. In particular, this paper provides a research mapping of the genres of co-creation in cultural heritage information practices, the actors, and the roles played by the stakeholders. Further, this review provides an overview of the dominant value co-creation models in the cultural heritage field. It distills the drivers of value co-creation and the core value consequences that arise from a process perspective. Finally, this paper puts forward a thematic, theoretical, and methodological agenda for future work based on these findings. The review contributes to the literature by proposing an integrated conceptual framework that summarizes the core elements of value co-creation in cultural heritage information practices. The framework also serves as a call for action, providing a general understanding of the conceptual foundation for future research.

Making the invisible visible: Critical discourse analysis as a tool for search engine research

Por Renee Morrison

Abstract

Like information science more broadly, search engine research has largely been fragmented into two factions: system-oriented and user-oriented studies. This limits our capacity for answering some fundamental questions surrounding an integral—often invisible—part of modern life. Given the “search-ification” of this life, given an oligopolous global market and an information-wealthy but attention-poor audience, methods capable of studying search engines, as well as their relationship with users and society are increasingly necessary. This paper proposes critical discourse analysis (CDA) as an effectual, oft-overlooked method for search engine research, one capable of interrogating both search engines and their use. The paper outlines CDA, provides examples of its application, and highlights its capacity for progressing our critical understanding of search engines. This developing understanding, evidenced by a review of the literature, suggests that challenges brought by search cannot be resolved by critiquing the power of systems alone. Rather, a reclaiming of today's information infrastructure requires we also illuminate the socio-political environments of search systems, and the metacognitive, invisible processes pivotal to our communication with them. While power-analyses of search continue, and some have begun to employ CDA, little recognition exists of this theoretical perspective's capacity for supporting both system-oriented and user-oriented studies.

Cover Image

Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, Volume 75, Issue 1, Page C1-C1, January 2024.

Issue Information

Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, Volume 75, Issue 1, Page 1-1, January 2024.

Cover Image

Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, Volume 74, Issue 13, Page C1-C1, December 2023.

Issue Information

Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, Volume 74, Issue 13, Page 1483-1483, December 2023.

How “international” is international research collaboration?

Por Abdullah Gök, Maria Karaulova

Abstract

In the context of the increasing global connectivity in science, this article investigates the internal heterogeneity of international research collaborations (IRCs). We focus on the prevalence of shared heritage collaborations and the rise of multiple institutional affiliations as a collaboration mechanism. An analytical typology of IRCs based on the characteristics of collaborating researchers' location and heritage is developed and empirically tested on the dataset of Russia's publications in 2015. We found that shared heritage IRC and IRC via multiple affiliations are the cornerstones of internationalization. Significant structural differences are revealed between conventional IRC and these nonconventional IRCs across fields of science, locations, visibility of international partners, and the sources of funding. These results contribute towards a better understanding of IRC as a complex, heterogeneous phenomenon, which encompasses a variety of arrangements for knowledge creation across borders. A more nuanced understanding of IRC is needed for smarter university strategy, metric development, and policymaking.

Understanding voice‐based information uncertainty: A case study of health information seeking with voice assistants

Por Robin Brewer

Abstract

Evaluating information quality online is increasingly important for healthy decision-making. People assess information quality using visual interfaces (e.g., computers, smartphones) with visual cues like aesthetics. Yet, voice interfaces lack critical visual cues for evaluating information because there is often no visual display. Without ways to assess voice-based information quality, people may overly trust or misinterpret information which can be challenging in high-risk or sensitive contexts. This paper investigates voice information uncertainty in one high-risk context—health information seeking. We recruited 30 adults (ages 18–84) in the United States to participate in scenario-based interviews about health topics. Our findings provide evidence of information uncertainty expectations with voice assistants, voice search preferences, and the audio cues they use to assess information quality. We contribute a nuanced discussion of how to inform more critical information ecosystems with voice technologies and propose ways to design audio cues to help people more quickly assess content quality.

Searching for creativity: How people search to generate new ideas

Por Catherine Chavula, Yujin Choi, Soo Young Rieh

Abstract

Creativity is one of the critical skills for people in a variety of academic, work, and everyday life contexts. Searching for information is essential to the creative process. Despite the recent increased attention in research on information searching for creative tasks, there is still little understanding of how people search for information to generate novel and useful ideas. This study aims to address three key research questions: (1) What search processes do people engage in while completing creative tasks, (2) what creative thinking strategies are employed when searching to generate ideas, and (3) what challenges do people encounter while searching for creative tasks. The data were collected at a university in the United States using multiple methods, combining pre-task interviews, search sessions that involved the generation of new ideas, and post-task interviews. Drawing from the data analysis from 31 interviews and search sessions, we present a conceptual framework for information searching for creative tasks across academic and everyday search contexts. Our findings highlight exploration as a critical search activity when searching to generate ideas. The results of this study enhance our understanding of the relationship between search activities and creative thinking strategies.

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